SS-31

SS-31 is suited for research teams investigating mitochondria-targeting peptide pharmacology, inner mitochondrial membrane interaction dynamics, and bioenergetics pathway marker quantification in controlled cell-based and preclinical models. Laboratories studying cardiolipin binding affinity characterization, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production pathway dynamics, or ATP synthesis regulatory marker activity will find this tetrapeptide relevant to mechanistic study designs.Supplied by Elivena from USA GMP-certified manufacturing facilities, each vial is COA-verified for purity and sequence identity to approximately 99%.

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Pharmacology Studies

SS-31 supports in-vitro investigation of IMM-localized peptide interaction dynamics, cardiolipin binding affinity characterization, and respiratory supercomplex structural integrity parameter quantification in isolated mitochondria and cell-based experimental systems. Researchers examining the relationship between cardiolipin interaction and ETC complex I–IV activity marker expression use SS-31 as a primary reference compound for mitochondria-targeting peptide pharmacology study designs.

Oxidative Stress and ROS Production Pathway Research

Laboratories studying mitochondria-associated oxidative stress pathway dynamics use SS-31 to examine ROS production endpoint quantification, superoxide dismutase pathway marker activity, and mitochondrial membrane lipid peroxidation assay outcomes under experimentally induced oxidative stress conditions. Multi-timepoint study designs allow systematic characterization of SS-31’s interaction with ROS production pathway markers across acute and chronic exposure experimental protocols.

SS-31 is studied in preclinical cardiac model systems for its effects on mitochondrial integrity marker dynamics during ischemia-reperfusion experimental conditions. Research quantifying cardiomyocyte mitochondrial membrane potential marker activity, cytochrome c release assay endpoints, and ATP synthesis pathway marker expression following ischemic challenge uses SS-31 to examine the molecular consequences of IMM-targeted cardiolipin interaction in cardiac cell mitochondrial stress models.

Neuroprotection and Neuronal Bioenergetics Research

Laboratories investigating the relationship between IMM integrity, ETC efficiency marker activity, and neuronal ATP synthesis pathway endpoint expression under oxidative or metabolic stress conditions use SS-31 to characterize mitochondria-targeting peptide activity in neural cell mitochondrial model systems.

Preparation Guidelines

Reconstitute lyophilized SS-31 with sterile bacteriostatic water using standard sterile laboratory technique. Reconstitution volume should be determined based on the target experimental working concentration specified by the study design. Research protocols typically employ experimental concentrations ranging from 0.Use calibrated laboratory equipment for all preparation steps.

Storage Conditions

Store lyophilized peptide at 2–8°C in a cool, dark environment prior to reconstitution. SS-31 does not require cold-chain shipping and maintains stability during transit under standard shipping conditions. Following reconstitution, maintain refrigeration at 2–8°C; reconstituted peptide is stable for approximately 2–3 weeks under appropriate storage conditions. Protect from light throughout storage. Each vial supplied by Elivena includes COA documentation and handling guidance.

Protocol Duration Guidelines

Research protocols using SS-31 range from acute single-dose studies to extended multi-week observation designs depending on the mitochondrial pathway endpoints under investigation. Mitochondrial membrane integrity and bioenergetics marker studies typically span 4–12 weeks.Monitor ETC activity markers, ROS production pathway endpoints, ATP synthesis regulatory markers, and mitochondrial membrane integrity parameters at defined experimental timepoints throughout the observation period.

USA GMP-Certified Supply via Elivena

Elivena supplies SS-31 sourced from USA GMP-certified manufacturing facilities, verified to approximately 99% purity by independent third-party COA documentation. Each vial confirms the complete tetrapeptide sequence identity, purity grade, and batch-specific quality control data — providing research laboratories with consistent, research-grade material for advanced mitochondrial membrane pharmacology and bioenergetics research.

• CAS: 736992-21-5
• Chemical Formula: C₃₂H₄₉N₉O₅
• Molecular Weight: 639.8 g/mol
• Peptide Sequence: D-Arg-dimethyl-Tyr-Lys-Phe-NH2
• Synonyms: MTP-131, Elamipretide

Selective Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Targeting Profile

SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a synthetic aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide — a four-amino acid sequence — characterized by its selective localization to the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). The peptide’s alternating aromatic and cationic residues enable electrostatic-driven mitochondrial uptake, concentrating SS-31 at the IMM independently of mitochondrial membrane potential. This targeting mechanism distinguishes SS-31 from membrane potential-dependent mitochondria-targeting compounds and makes it a relevant tool for studying IMM-localized pharmacological interactions under both healthy and depolarized mitochondrial conditions.

Cardiolipin Binding Interaction Dynamics

SS-31 is studied for its high-affinity interaction with cardiolipin — a dimeric phospholipid exclusive to the inner mitochondrial membrane that plays a structural and functional role in respiratory chain supercomplex organization, cytochrome c anchoring, and electron transport chain (ETC) efficiency. Researchers use SS-31 to examine how cardiolipin binding influences ETC complex activity marker expression, cytochrome c interaction dynamics, and mitochondrial membrane curvature parameters in controlled in-vitro membrane model systems and isolated mitochondria preparations.

Oxidative Phosphorylation and ROS Pathway Marker Research

SS-31 is studied for its effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production pathway dynamics and oxidative phosphorylation efficiency marker activity in mitochondrial experimental models. By interacting with cardiolipin and supporting respiratory supercomplex structural integrity, SS-31 enables researchers to examine downstream consequences on ETC electron leak marker activity, superoxide production pathway endpoint quantification, and ATP synthesis regulatory marker expression under baseline and oxidative stress-induced experimental conditions.

USA GMP-Certified Supply via Elivena

Elivena supplies SS-31 sourced from USA GMP-certified manufacturing facilities, verified to approximately 99% purity by independent third-party COA documentation. Each vial confirms the complete tetrapeptide sequence identity, purity grade, and batch-specific quality control data — providing research laboratories with consistent, research-grade material for advanced mitochondrial membrane pharmacology and bioenergetics research.